LUCKNOW PACT (1916)

BACKGROUND : Quaid-e-Azam joined muslim league in 1913 after that he started to work for hindu muslim unity, understanding and for co-operation, In 1915, the annual meeting of congress and muslim league were held together at bombay (mumbia), because of his efforts and again second meeting of both parties were helf together at Lucknow, where a written agreement were signed betweeen two parties which in history of sub-continent is called Lucknow Pact.

SALIENT FEATURES :

1. Seperate electorate were accepted by congress.
2. The congress agreed to enforce seperate electorate in those province, where they donot exist (Punjab, CP)
3. No billaffecting a particular commity should be proceeded with any counsil if 3/4 representation of community opposed it.
4. Muslims and Hindus were to have the weightage in the provinces where they formed minorities.

ACHIEVEMENTS :

1. Completely approval of seperate electorate.
2. Security of muslim rights and interest.
3. Muslim league's seperate status.
4. Increase the fame of Quaid-e-Azam.
5. Hindu muslim unity first and Last time.

CONCLUSION : Lucknow pact proved to be the baccon light on the political horizon of india. If this sense of co-operation have been carried out the atmosphere of understanding and co-operation generated but hindu did not honestly stick to these principles instead of it misstrust haterd and non-cooperation carried into political life. It was important milestone in the history of sub-continent, due to this agreement congress gave protection to all due rights of muslims and muslim league.

NEHRU REPORT To answer the challenge of Lord Birkenhead

NEHRU REPORT :
After the Failure of Simon Commission in 1927 , the minister of India Lord Birkenhead Challenged Indians by saying " IF THEY HAVE ANY POLITICAL CAPABILITY AND COMPETENCE THEN THEY SHOULD FORM A UNANIMOUS CONSTITUTION AND PRESENT IT TO US AND WE WILL IMPLEMENT IT "

To answer the challenge of Lord Birkenhead , First and Second All party Conference was Held at Delhi on 12 Feb and 19 May , 1928 . A 7 membered Constitution commity was formed in the conference . It had only 2 muslim representatives , namely Mr.Ali imam and Mr.Shoaib Qureshi . The Head of the constitutional assembly was Pundit Moti Lal Nehru and his son Jawalal Nehru was the member of the commity . After Staying at allahabad for 3 monhs , the commity prepared a report . This report was called Nehru Report .

SUGGESTIONS OF NEHRU REPORT :

1 . Ending of Separate Electorate .
2 . Ending of more Muslim Seats than Population .
3 . Ending of more Seats than Population .
4 . Refusal to give 1/3 Representation to muslim in the center .
5 . Separation of Sind From bombay (Mumbai)
6 . Suggestions of Reforms in N.W.F.P province and Aviodness from Balouchistan .
7 . Demand of Strong Central government .
8 . Demand of ordering of the Colonial Rule .

REATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE :
The anti muslim suggestions of nehru report shattered the Lucknow pact and the Delhi proposal . Different muslim leaders expressed their views and feelings on the nehru report which are mentioned below :

- COMMENTS OF SIR AGHA KHAN :
Sir agha khan said that " Any sensible person cannot think muslim will accept these insulting conditions "

- COMMENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM :
Quaid-e-azam on 22 dec , 1928 at a failure of calcutta convention and due to stubbornness commented on nehru report " From now the paths of Hindu andmuslims are separate "

In short all muslim leaders expressed great dislike to the nehru report , but it did not have any effect on Hindus .

COMMENTS :
The suggestions of nehru report were based on muslim enimity and were against the constitutional state and rights of muslims . Under the suggestions hindus altogether Forget aabout the Terms of lucknow pact . From nehru report 2 things were clear , firstly that hindus were severe enemies of muslims and donot wanted progess of muslims . Secondly , Hindus were the breaker of Promises and this is why quaid-e-Azam answered nehru report on 25 march 1929 by the 14 Points , where as next year he gave the idea of separate Islamic state which led to the creation of Pakistan .

The Formation of Muslim League

 After the defeat in the war of Independence . The muslims became the target of british victimization . To save the muslims From attrocities of Britishers , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan took the responsibilty of protecting rights of the muslims without formation of any political organization . After the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1888 , the anti muslim activities of congress further increased . At last a Deligation consisting of 35 members , under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan met the Viceroy of India . Due to the positive answer of viceroy , a feeling of Confidence and unity was Created . The All India Muslim League was created out of this Convection .

INTRODUCTION : Muslims Leader met at Dhaka at Dec , 1906 on the occasion of annual meeting of Mohammadin education conference . The meeting took place at dhaka under the presidency of Nawab waquril muk , Sir Suleman [ the Nawab of Dhaka ] voted the resolution for establishing muslim organization to be called as All India Muslim League . Mulavi Ali Jahal Hakim , Ajmal Khan and Moulana Zafar Ali also supported the Resolution .

REASONS OF CREATION :

1 . Hindi and Urdu Conflict .
2 . Negative of Hindu Sectorian parties and Movement .
3 . Problem of Slaughtering cow .
4 . Claim of congress to the only reponsible properties .
5 . Success of Simla Deligation on Nob - 1906 .

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES :

1 . To Provide the Muslims of India feeling Loyalty to the British Government .
2 . To Provide the rise among the muslims of india any feeling of hostality towards other community without prejudice to other ojects of League .
3 . To Protect muslims and Rights and Interests .

HEAD OFFICE : Aligarh was at a central position in the Political , Educational and Economic Progress of Indian Muslims . So the Head Office of All India Muslim League was Also formed in Aligarh .

FIRST OFFICE HOLDER : In the Meeting of March 1908 , Sir Agha Khan was elected as President and Syed Hasan Bilgrani waas elected as a General secetory of Muslim League .

ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE :

1 . Representative of Muslims of Sub-continent .
2 . Answer to COngress Propaganda .
3 . Approval of Seperate Election .
4 . Formation of Aligarh Muslim University .

Why be Simon commission appointed ? What be its recommendation?

In the government of India Act,1919 there be a provision for the review of the working of the act after the lapse of 10 years.The government,however,appointed simon commission two years previously than due time.All the members of the commission were britishers.The commission be asked to inquire into the working of the government of India Act,1919 to find out how thw dyarchy was working surrounded by the provinces.

Major Recommendations :
-Abolition of dyarchy and introduction of provincial autonomy.
-The governor and governor general should be given special powers.
-The franchise should be extended to the extent that atleast 10-15 percent of relations should be able to get right to vote.
-Retention of communal supporters.
-Introduction of dyarchy at the centre.

Kashmir Issue

KASHMIR ISSUE :

Full Name : State of Jammu and Kashmir .
Area : 84471 sq / Miles .
State : Biggest State of India .
Situated : It is Situated at the Northern part of Indo-Pak .
Boundary : Boundary with China , Russia and Afghanistan .
Sale of Kashmir : British Government Sold Kashmir to Gulab signh of Dogar dynasty . he buyied Kashmir at a cost of 7.5 million Rupees in 1846 .
Population : According to the sensus of 1941 ; 4 million people are living in kashmir . Among 4 million People 77% were Muslims . 61 % People were Muslims in Jammu and 93 % in Jammu . Gilgit consist of 100 % muslims . Gilgit consist of 100% Muslims .

BACKGROUND : At the time of partition , Sir Hari Singh of Dogar dynasty want to exceed with Indian government , against the wishes of kashmiri people . A clash occured betweeb Maharaja and the kashmiri People , That is why he asked the Indian Government for Help . An Agreement tool place between Maharaja and the Indian Government on 26th Oct , 1947 according to Amritsar treaty . In the Result of the agreement Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah become the Defecto Prime Minister . In the Result of the Clash a war was Started between Pakistan and India in 1948 . A Cease Fire occured between Pakistan and Indian on 1st Jan , 1949 . Pakistan took the Matter to the United Nation Organisation ( U.N.O ) on 1948 , where security council decided that dispure of Kashmir will be solved according to the wishes of Kashmiri people . Pebliscite will occur under the supervision of U.N.O . But India was continually refusing the resolution of U.N.O on Kashmir Issue .

CONCLUSION : Kashmir has been the bone of contention between the two states of Pakistan and India . It is a Dangerous dispute , without the solution of it no any peace will be created between India and Pakistan . India is Ignoring the Rights of Kashmiri People . It is the Duty of the International world to Solve the Kashmir Issue , according to the wishes of Kashmiri People .

Simon Commission

SIMON COMMISSION :

INTRODUCTION : On 26th Novemeber , 1927 a commission was announced by British Government under the Chairmenship of Sir John Simon . Commission consisting of 7 members . The commission was charge in the duty of investigating Indian constitutional Problem and Drop Recommendation for future action . All members of commission were white people and no Indian was Present in the commission . There was Negative Responce of Indians Towards the commission and they received the commission with slogan " Simon Go Back , Simon Go Back " . Congress and Muslim League boycott the commission . It was Published in 1930 namely Simon Report . It had 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem and Second Deals with Recommendation and Proposal .

SALIENT FEATURES :

1 . Abbolition of Dyarchi and setting up a federal form of Government with maximum autonomy of province .
2 . Continuation of separate electorate and Maintanance of weightage in the Province .
3 . Rejection of Muslim Demand regarding 1/3 Representation at centre and situatory majority in Punjab and Bengal .
4 . Postponment of Separation of Sindh from Bombay .
5 . Fear Representation of minorities in Lagislature and Executive .
6 . Continuation of Present Status of N.W.F.P .

MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION :

1 . Sir John Simon ( Chairman )
2 . Clement Attlee .
3 . Donald Howard .
4 . Vernon Hartshorn .
5 . George Lane-Fox .
6 . Edward Cadogan .
7 . Harry Levy - Lawson .